Engineering Sectors with the most positive Projections
With energy and mining industries in the United States expected to keep growing, the future is bright for those in or seeking to gain employment in these sectors. Oil, natural gas, coal, nuclear, solar wind and geothermal industries all play a significant role in providing energy for the nation.
Strong current and future demand for qualified energy and mining workers will continue to make the jobs in these industries very high paying, relative to jobs in other industries. The available workforce estimates for the energy and mining industries are summarized below. When they exist, workforce projections are mostly short term and carry significant uncertainty. Projection time frames also vary considerably among the different sources. For examining energy and mining employment, BLS data have limitations as described above. They are helpful for an overview of the mature industries, but it is currently infeasible to examine the workforces of the emerging industries (solar, wind, geothermal, and CCUS) using BLS data. Available data are summarized by industry as follows.
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1. Oil and Gas
BLS data indicate that the workforce in oil and gas extraction, well drilling, and support activities for oil and gas operations is about 494,200 (2010), and the oil and gas extraction workforce is expected to grow from 158,900 in 2010 to 182,100 in 2020. EIA projects increases in oil production through 2030 and in gas production through 2035, but for employment in the oil and gas extraction sector to decline from 2020 through 2035.
The boom in oil and natural gas exploration and production has spun off two major challenges: global competition for available workers and a large number of retiring professionals, shrinking the pool of skilled and experienced employees. Oil companies are parting with large sums to draw and retain skilled workers as they face off against other international establishments that offer attractive incentives. Furthermore, a large portion of the existing workforce is less than 5 years from retirement. While demand for skilled and oil gas workers is expected to grow at all levels, the future source of workers to replace the retiring population remains in question.
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2. Nuclear Energy
Some of the engineering jobs available in the nuclear power industry include: civil/structural, electrical, materials, mechanical, nuclear and computer. According to NEI survey data, the demand for engineers by degree for the commercial nuclear power industry is: 47 percent mechanical; 20 percent electrical; 10 percent nuclear; 4 percent civil; 3 percent chemical; 1 percent health physics and radiation, 12 percent other disciplines, and 3 percent uncertain.
BLS estimates employment in the nuclear electric power generation industry to be about 56,800 (2010; 93 percent in the private sector), and no future projections are provided by BLS. The U.S. nuclear power industry is in a transformational state, and the future of nuclear power plant construction is difficult to predict. The most optimistic scenario (nuclear power continuing to supply 20 percent of U.S. electricity) has the potential for 287,200-359,000 man-years of labor for building new nuclear units, and 8,000-17,500 jobs to operate them, with additional jobs for maintenance and outages.
Although difficult to estimate, jobs will exist in other industry sectors not directly affected by plant construction. Other workforce challenges faced by the U.S. nuclear industry are the basic education and skill levels of the youth that form the pool of potential future workers, the insufficient number of students entering engineering programs to adequately support the projected coming needs, the potential for an insufficient number of educators to meet the demand for properly prepared future workers, and the inability to fill nuclear workforce vacancies with foreign workers.
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3. Mining (Nonfuel and Coal)
BLS estimates that employment for nonfuel mining is about 128,000 (2010; about 122,600 in mining/quarrying, 5,400 in support activities for mining, with all but 268 in the private sector), and private-sector employment is projected to rise to 125,600 for mining/quarrying by 2020. MSHA estimates that nonfuel mining employment is about 225,600 (2010; about 160,100 for mining operators and 65,500 for contractors).
BLS estimates that employment for coal mining is about 81,100 and 8,100 for support activities for coal mining (2010; totalling roughly 89,200), with all in the private sector. BLS projects coal mining employment to decrease to 77,500 by 2020. MSHA estimates that operator employment is about 89,200 and contractor employment is about 46,300 (2010; totalling about 135,500). EIA projects coal mining employment to increase to 86,517 in 2020, 115,651 in 2030, and 128,608 in 2035.
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4. Solar Energy
California leads all other states in terms of U.S. solar activity, jobs and establishments. The other top 10 states include: New Jersey, Pennsylvania, New York, Arizona, Texas, Florida, Colorado, Massachusetts, and Ohio. The Solar Foundation estimates that there are about 119,000 solar workers (2012). A National Renewable Energy Laboratory study indicates that, if the solar development defined in its SunShot scenario6 is achieved, 290,000 new solar jobs could result by 2030 and 390,000 by 2050. EIA projects strong solar market growth through 2035.
While the Bachelor of Science in engineering will provide a strong foundation for graduate school, the professional master’s degree is a very attractive alternative for those desiring to combine the strong aspects of a master’s of business administration degree with solar engineering. Such a combination will provide an excellent background for project development, project management, solar business administration and management.
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5. Wind Energy
The American Wind Energy Association estimates that the wind energy industry employs 75,000 workers (2011). EIA projects strong growth in wind generation through 2035. Large wind turbines are manufactured by large original equipment manufacturers (OEMs). Currently, Texas produces more energy from wind power than any other state.
There are many different kinds of engineers who can work in this field: aerospace, civil, electrical, electronics, environmental, health and safety, industrial, materials, mechanical, and engineering technicians. To gain entry in this industry, an engineer requires a bachelor’s degree or higher.
The challenges that plague the wind industry are similar to those across other energy sectors: lack of skilled workers, an aging workforce set to retire in the next ten years and the ability to develop qualified professionals to meet the current market demands.
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6. Geothermal Energy
The Geothermal Energy Association estimates that the geothermal industry supports about 5,200 direct jobs and the total direct, indirect, and induced impact of geothermal energy represents about 13,100 jobs (2010). The EIA projects healthy growth for geothermal power generation and the number of residential geothermal heat pumps through 2035.
While hydrologists and engineers trained in the petroleum industry have the skills required for geothermal operations, additional training must be undertaken for drillers. Petroleum engineers and hydrologists can easily transfer to geothermal drilling and reservoir engineering with only a minor amount of on-the-job training. However, the geothermal industry does not offer high scale salaries as the mining and petroleum industries do.